Abstract
Local Electricity Markets introduces the fundamental characteristics, needs, and constraints shaping the design and implementation of local electricity markets. It addresses current proposed local market models and lessons from their limited practical implementation. The work discusses relevant decision and informatics tools considered important in the implementation of local electricity markets. It also includes a review on management and trading platforms, including commercially available tools. Aspects of local electricity market infrastructure are identified and discussed, including physical and software infrastructure. It discusses the current regulatory frameworks available for local electricity market development internationally. The work concludes with a discussion of barriers and opportunities for local electricity markets in the future. © 2021 Elsevier Inc.

Abstract
Smart grid (SG) technologies are playing a key role in the electric grid transformation, bringing out promising benefits for different actors and empowering customers. However, this transition imposes new challenges concerning the operation and management of energy, particularly at the distribution level of the electric grid. This chapter provides an overview of achieved advances toward the widespread implementation of SG, including technological and infrastructure developments. Transactive energy presents a distributed decision-making coordination approach using automated energy transactions that is enabled by the intelligence and connectivity benefits of SG. The way in which these transactions can be integrated in a local market environment and how advances in transactive energy, supported by the infrastructure already developed to enable SG, are leading to the emergence of local energy markets is discussed in this chapter. © 2021 Elsevier Inc.

Abstract

Abstract
A fundamental task for artificial intelligence is learning. Deep Neural Networks have proven to cope perfectly with all learning paradigms, i.e. supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. Nevertheless, traditional deep learning approaches make use of cloud computing facilities and do not scale well to autonomous agents with low computational resources. Even in the cloud, they suffer from computational and memory limitations, and they cannot be used to model adequately large physical worlds for agents which assume networks with billions of neurons. These issues are addressed in the last few years by the emerging topic of sparse training, which trains sparse networks from scratch. This paper discusses sparse training state-of-the-art, its challenges and limitations while introducing a couple of new theoretical research directions which has the potential of alleviating sparse training limitations to push deep learning scalability well beyond its current boundaries. Nevertheless, the theoretical advancements impact in complex multi-agents settings is discussed from a real-world perspective, using the smart grid case study.

Abstract
The higher share of renewable energy sources in the electrical grid and the electrification of significant sectors, such as transport and heating, are imposing a tremendous challenge on the operation of the energy system due to the increase in the complexity, variability and uncertainties associated with these changes. The recent advances of computational technologies and the ever-growing data availability allowed the development of sophisticated and efficient algorithms that can process information at a very fast pace. In this sense, the use of machine learning models has been gaining increased attention from the electricity sector as it can provide accurate forecasts of system behaviour from energy generation to consumption, helping all the stakeholders to optimize their activities. This work develops and proposes a methodology to enhance load demand forecasts using a machine learning model, namely a feed-forward neural network (FFNN), by incorporating an error correction step that involves the prediction of the initial forecast errors by another FFNN. The results showed that the proposed methodology was able to significantly improve the quality of load demand forecasts, demonstrating a better performance than the benchmark models.

Abstract
Building management systems (BMSs) are being implemented broadly by industries in recent decades. However, BMSs focus on specific domains, and when installed on the same building, they lack interoperability to work on a centralized user interface. On the other hand, BMSs interoperability allows the implementation of complex rules based on multi-domain contexts. The Building's Reasoning for Intelligent Control Knowledge-based System (BRICKS) is a context-aware semantic rule-based system for the intelligent management of buildings' energy and security. It uses ontologies and semantic web technologies to interact with different domains, taking advantage of cross-domain knowledge to apply context-based rules. This work upgrades the previously presented version of BRICKS by including services for energy consumption and generation forecast, demand response, a configuration user interface (UI), and a dynamic building monitoring and management UI. The case study demonstrates BRICKS deployed at different aggregation levels in the authors' laboratory building, managing a demand response event and interacting autonomously with other BRICKS instances. The results validate the correct functioning of the proposed tool, which contributes to the flexibility, efficiency, and security of building energy systems.