Abstract
This paper presents a technique to construct compilers expressed in a strict, purely functional setting. The compilers do not rely on any explicit data structures, like trees, stacks or queues, to efficiently perform the compilation task. They are constructed as a set of functions which are directly called by the parser. An abstract syntax tree is neither constructed nor traversed. Such deforestated compilers are automatically derived from an attribute grammar specification. Furthermore this technique can be used to efficiently implement any multiple traversal algorithm.

Abstract
Formal reasoning about how users and systems interact poses a difficult challenge. Interactive systems design provides a context in which the subjective area of human understanding meets the objectivity of computer systems logic. We present results of a case study in the use of automated reasoning to aid the formal analysis of interactive systems. We show how we can use human-factors issues to generate properties of interest, and how we can use model checking and theorem proving to analyse our specifications against those properties. This is part of ongoing work in the development of a tool to allow the automatic translation of interactor based specifications into SMV, and in the analysis of the role which different verification techniques might have during the development of interactive systems.

Abstract

Abstract
CANopen is a truly open protocol that has not been developed by one company alone. Several working groups, consisting of many different device manufacturers and end-users, have co-operated to produce the CANopen standards, now under the supervision of the CAN in Automation organisation. CANopen has been produced as a result of EU funding. This article gives an overview of some of the fundamental concepts of CANopen communication and of CANopen implementation.

Abstract
The Controller Area Network is a well-established networking system specifically designed with real-time requirements in mind. Developed in the 1980s by Robert Bosch, its ease of use and low cost has led to its wide adoption throughout the automotive and automation industries. However, for the beginner using CAN may seem somewhat bewildering. This article goes some way into explaining how CAN is used both at the hardware and the software levels.

Abstract
CANopen is a truly open protocol that has not been developed by one company alone. Several working groups, consisting of many different device manufacturers and end-users, have co-operated to produce the CANopen standards, now under the supervision of the CAN in Automation organisation. CANopen has been produced as a result of EU funding. This article gives an overview of some of the fundamental concepts of CANopen communication and of CANopen implementation. © IEE: 1999.