Abstract
In Walrasian markets, an auctioneer proposes a price to the market participants, who react by revealing the quantities they are willing to buy or sell at this price. The auctioneer then proposes new prices to improve the demand and supply match until the equilibrium is reached. This market, common for stock exchanges, has also been proposed for electricity markets like power electricity exchanges, where iterations among auctioneer and market participants take place before the interval settlement period (ISP) until supply and demand match and a stable price is reached. We propose a Walrasian design for local electricity markets where the iterations between auctioneer and market participants happen in real time, so previous imbalances are used to correct the proposed price for the next ISP. The designs are simulated to test convergence and their capability of achieving efficient dynamic prices.

Abstract
This paper presents a new strategy for recharging electric vehicles in residential buildings. The proposed approach minimizes the difference between desired and final state of charge (SOC) by the end of the charging period, by adjusting the charging power for each vehicle in real-time. A non-linear optimization problem is formulated, considering the initial and final SOC, as well as available charging time, and total available power. Results were compared to a baseline and show that the proposed solution outperforms the currently most used nonoptimized method, particularly in high demand scenarios, where we achieve values of 9.3% of curtailed range when compared with the non-optimized methodology.

Abstract
This paper describes a study that sought to analyse the impact of an active demand response on the frequency stability of the Iberian Peninsula for operation scenarios extending to 2040. For that purpose, one developed dynamic models for primary and secondary frequency control provision from demand-side resources, namely Electric Vehicles (EV), thermostatically controlled loads (TCL), and electrolysers. Those models were developed under a Matlab/Simulink environment, and added to a two-area control model representative of the Iberian Peninsula interconnected to the CESA area. Then, one ran simulations of reference disturbances (loss of a large generator or distributed generation) in the developed platform, once it was fully implemented.

Abstract
The Transmission System Operators (TSOs) from Portugal and Spain do not procure Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR) through market mechanisms. A Virtual Power Plant (VPP) aggregating sources such as wind and solar power and hydrogen electrolysers (HEs) would benefit from participation in this ancillary service market. The methodology proposed in this paper allows to quantify the costs of the participation of the Iberian TSOs in the FCR Cooperation as well as the revenues of a VPP that aggregates wind and solar power and HEs. Results are produced using real data from past market sessions. The Portuguese TSO would have paid roughly 10 M€ to participate in this market in 2022. Using data for the same country and year, a VPP (aggregating the HEs expected to be connected by 2025) would have revenues over 2 M€. © 2023 IEEE.

Abstract
This paper evidences the ability of a VSM-based grid-forming to mitigate stability problems of different classes, raising a special concern towards the importance of its location in systems with large converter-interfaced renewable energy systems. Within this context, a multi-class stability assessment, that pillars on the simulation of different nature disturbances and in the subsequent evaluation of a 4 index set, was performed. Such analysis was carried out on a modified version of the IEEE39 Test System, using DigSILENT Power Factory as the simulation engine.

Abstract
Electric power systems are currently experiencing a profound change, as increasing amounts of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) displace conventional forms of generation. This development has gone hand-in-hand with an increasing share of distributed power generation being connected directly to the Distribution Network (DN), and the widespread of other types of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), such as Energy Storage Sytems (ESSs), Electric Vehicles (EVs), and active (flexible) consumers. As these trends are expected to continue, this will require a profound revision of the way Transmission System Operators (TSOs) and Distribution System Operators (DSOs) interact with each other to fully benefit from the growing flexibility that is available at the DN level. In this work we propose a new tool for the coordinated operational planning of transmission and distribution systems, considering the existence of shared resources that can be simultaneously used by TSO and DSOs for the optimal operation of their networks. The tool uses advanced distributed optimization techniques, namely the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) in order to maintain data privacy of the several agents involved in the optimization problem, and keep the tractability of the problem. The proposed tool is applied to modified IEEE test systems, and the results obtained highlight the benefits of the proposed coordination mechanism to solve problems occurring simultaneously at the transmission and DN-levels.