Abstract
Objective: We aim to answer four questions. First, with the increasing number of publications, is there a concentration in specific subjects, or on the contrary, a dispersion, amplifying the span of themes related to entrepreneurship? Second, is there a hierarchy of subjects, in the sense that some of them constitute the “core” of entrepreneurship? Third, are they connected with other established research areas? Finally, it is possible to identify papers that are influential, acting as hubs in the cluster’s formation? Method: We developed an original version of the computational procedure proposed by Shibata et al (2008), which allows us to understand the diversity of the different sub-areas of the topic investigated, reducing the need for specialist supervision. Originality/Relevance: We developed and applied a method to capture the formation and evolution of research areas in entrepreneurship literature, via direct citation networks, allowing us to understand the iteration between the different research sub-areas. Results: The dispersion is a feature of entrepreneurship as field research, with a hierarchy between research areas, indicating an emergent organization in the expansion processes. We concluded that research on entrepreneurship consists of specialization, that is, by application in niches. © 2022, Associacao Nacional de Estudos em Empreendedorismo e Gestao de Pequenas Empresas - ANEGEPE. All rights reserved.

Abstract
The relevance of international research collaboration (IRC) in bolstering intellectual capital, in-creasing embeddedness in networks, and promoting innovation has been acknowledged by sci-entists and policymakers. However, large-scale studies involving different scientific domains and periods aimed at exploring the factors that influence IRC are missing, which could deepen our understanding of the factors affecting IRC. Based on a novel dataset of 193 countries over three periods, 1990-1999, 2000-2009 and 2010-2018, we have examined the impact of geographical, socioeconomic, political, cultural, intellectual, and excellence distances on the propensity to engage in IRC at the global level, by scientific domain and over time. In general, all the distances considered obstruct IRC, with geographical and cultural distance emerging as the barriers with the highest impact. Two exceptions are worthwhile noting: excel-lence distance fosters IRC in the Medical & Health Sciences (MHS) and intellectual distance fosters IRC in the Agricultural Sciences (AS). At the global level, the negative impact of socioeconomic, political, and intellectual distances on IRC has increased over time, whereas the negative impact of geographical and cultural dis-tances has decreased.

Abstract
The reconstruction of the economic history of Brazil since independence from Portugal (1822) may lead to a new understanding of its economic growth. The deep-rooted idea that Brazil could have done better means there is a need to delve into each phase of its development. In this paper, we provide a very long-run perspective (1822-2019) of Brazil’s economic growth and process of real convergence. On the one hand, this review indicates that structural changes observed in the middle of the 20th century were crucial in promoting the country’s growth and real convergence with technologically advanced countries. On the other hand, poor institutional conditions and deficient human capital formation have emerged since colonial times as critical factors underlying Brazil’s inability to establish robust and sustainable economic growth.

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract
Social media is one of the greatest achievements of technological evolution. Nowadays, we have the world in our hands, just a click away. But if, on one hand, the community saw social media as a progressive tool, strict governments saw them as a threat to their regime. China was one of the countries that imposed a highly repressive strategy which blocked foreign content, therefore, websites like Google, YouTube and Facebook are blocked, and Chinese netizens can only access government approved websites. Surrounded by this Firewall, the Chinese are kept complacent towards the government's decisions and are held back from speaking against it. From this situation, we began wondering the extent of our opinion permeability towards social networks in the West. We set a parallelism between two different situations but, in a way, complementary. Is our political opinion shaped by the content we see on social networks? Is there a strategy being applied to purposefully guide our opinion? This was the focal point of our survey which was applied to a Portuguese sample. A survey was created on Google Forms where both individuals' perspectives were assessed. The research sample was a convenience sample, which included 160 answers. Most participants (66%) said they considered that social networks serve as a mechanism for disseminating political ideologies. Moreover, 49.38% believe that social networks can have an impact on real-life decisions regarding the political sphere. Through a careful analysis of the data, we concluded that people seem to be aware of the magnitude that social media has had in politics lately, and they are, in general, responsible commentators who, most often, look for a second source of information. Notably, we have become somewhat intolerable to the opinions of others because we have closed ourselves in our own communities, in the content that our algorithm chooses for us and in a way, we are, as the Chinese, restricted to a digital bubble of information alongside with others who share the same political beliefs.