Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly becoming ubiquitous and applied in different domains such as human health, building automation, industrial control and environmental monitoring, introducing new security and privacy challenges. Thus, the security of data, devices and communications of IoT networks are a concern due to the sensitivity of the data used, legal and privacy issues, and the diversity of devices and protocols used. In addition, traditional security mechanisms cannot always be feasible and adequate because of the number, heterogeneity, and resource limitations of IoT devices. In this work, we are concerned with the design of an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to protect IoT networks from external and internal threats in real time. To do this, after studying the various traditional IDS solutions, as well as new IDS proposals designed specifically for IoT networks, we conclude that there are still several improvements to be made to this type of 2nd line defense mechanism. The design proposed will consider the specific architecture of an IoT network, the scalability and heterogeneity of this type of environment, the minimization of the use of resources, and the maximization of the efficiency in the detection of intrusions. To do so, we consider the various detection methods available and the various types of attacks to which this type of network is exposed. The proposed IDS is network-based and relies on a hybrid architecture (centralized / distributed). As methods of detection, the signature / anomaly-based methods will be used simultaneously. Finally, it is emphasized that this proposal does not require the modification of the IoT software, nor does it influence the performance of the applications in the IoT devices.

Abstract
It is undeniable that the world is taking a turn for the digital. Banking, shopping, working, education, entertainment, everything has its own digital equivalent or means thereof. This includes language learning. Nowadays, there is a myriad of (mobile and digital) possibilities to study, learn and improve a person’s knowledge of virtually any language. Thus, there should be potential benefits in their use in academic level (foreign) language learning, but also in an individual “self-learning" process. In this study, we choose to tackle mobile apps and their impact in the teaching/learning of languages, the perception of their usefulness and their impact (positive or otherwise) on the subject. To achieve this, a literature review on the subject was conducted, in addition to twenty interviews performed with students of the University of Aveiro. Supported by our literature review, we can safely state that language learning is just one of the many segments of both life and academia that can only be positively affected by digitalisation, and that we will continue seeing a rising trend towards that goal. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019.

Abstract

Abstract
Nowadays, workers and students preparing for a career are aware that they must constantly update their skills in order to fulfil both the market’s and companies’ demands. The environment is packed with technologies that help us by optimizing our tasks on a daily basis. However, the majority of opinions can agree that these tools may have a bigger impact on the labour market than it was ever expected. What is the future of jobs as we know them, and what impact will future technology innovations have on society? Lots of factors enter the picture when this particular topic is discussed – including the economy in general, productivity rates, salaries and expenses, people’s stress and satisfaction levels, among others. To achieve this study’s main purpose, questionnaires were distributed, which were the basis for the creation of a hypothetical model that represents our understanding of the subject considering the sample’s feedback. This study also advances our view concerning the literature review and the opinions of those surveyed, aiming to provide a strong and consistent theory of what the market labour will be; that is, which jobs are likely to lose practice, which ones may subsist, and which activities might grow with the circumstances’ influence. © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Abstract
When we look around us, we see people of all ages using all kinds of technology, more specifically, devices like cellphones are used by younglings, adults and older people. There is no escaping it. Consequently, we decided to analyse how technologies affect the lives of these men and women, focusing on an older age group, mainly because of the lack of studies that focus on people over 65. If most of them are able to speak, focus, and learn, how many of them have given in to the new waves of evolution that have feasted on the world for the past few years? That is exactly what we are trying to find out: How older people react to new technology (more specifically to information and communication technologies or ICT), how often and how they use it. For this study, we decided to focus on the littoral north of Portugal, given that the author-group’s members live along the coast line. A survey was performed (with 56 valid responses) as were eight interviews. Regarding the view that the older people we have interviewed have of millennials, most of our respondents show some concern. Notably, they see the Internet as an addiction of the younger elements in society, contributing to them getting into trouble, losing interest in school, meeting up with strangers and only being concerned with being popular on social media. As concerns ICT usage by elders, the psychological component of the “I can’t" does not help them. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019.

Abstract
Since the emergence of the Global Village, the information flow changed drastically. Digital Technologies changed how people communicate, how they access information and how they share it. It gave people an unlimited exposure to information and knowledge. However, it also seemed to limit it. Recommendation algorithms are used in order to provide a customized experience that captivates users. Although they play an important role in selecting information that is considered relevant to the user, significant information/content may be omitted. Consequently, users end up closed in a bubble of limited information, which affects critical thinking skills and appears to influence and guide personal opinions. Little attention has been given to the negative effects of information bias on people’s critical thinking. Thus, it is hoped that this study will at the same time educate and bring awareness to this issue. In a survey we performed (with 117 answers) the majority of the survey sample (approximately 54,7%) revealed discomfort regarding the storage and filtering of data. Interestingly, 29,9% of the participants were found to be indifferent regarding this issue. From these results, the authors can conclude that, although most of the participants feel uncomfortable, they prefer to be passive about this, which reinforces the idea of conformity and the false sense of organization mentioned herein. An interview with an expert in the area drew attention to the fact that social pressure most often leads users to comply and rely on the group’s beliefs and attitudes, which facilitates social relationships and avoids confrontation. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019.