Abstract
The turnarounds from decrease to expansion in forest areas that took place during the last century have been examined through the lens of forest transition theory (FTT). Among temperate and Mediterranean European countries that have seen an expansion of forest cover, Portugal stands out as the only case in which this trend has recently been reverted. In this study, we explicitly map and document the forest transition (FT) in the country over the period 1907-2006, and investigate when and where forest transition happened de facto, and which were the land use transition pathways that resulted from the shrublands, agriculture, and forest interplay dynamics. After thematic and geometric harmonization of land cover maps from 1907, 1955, 1970, 1990, and 2006, a cluster analysis established four typologies, and a transition matrix was constructed to assess land cover dynamics. We found that up to 1955, FT occurred simultaneously with agricultural expansion, as shrubland areas diminished. Afterwards, with the retraction of agricultural area and the consequential decoupling of forest management from local actors, FT gained momentum and expanded up to the 1990s. While during the first half of the 20th century, forest expansion followed the "Scarcity" and "State Policy" pathways fostered by local socio-ecological feedback loops, throughout the second half of the century forest transition was driven by exogenous socio-economic forces, following "Economic Development" and "Globalization" pathways. We show how, despite these forces, FT can be derailed by endogenous factors such as wildfires, which limited and in some areas even reverted the afforestation process, initiating a deforestation phase. Since the necessary conditions for FT (technology shift, urbanization, agriculture retraction and public afforestation programs) were available in mainland Portugal, we advance the hypothesis that critical wildfire risk governance deficits may have been responsible for arresting FT. Considering the critical role of forests and other wooded areas in supporting climate change mitigation and sustainable development, our work provides useful evidence and insights for public decision makers on previously unaddressed dimensions of FTT.

Abstract
Accounting for misclassification costs is important in many practical applications of machine learning, and cost sensitive techniques for classification have been studied extensively. Utility-based learning provides a generalization of purely cost-based approaches that considers both costs and benefits, enabling application to domains with complex cost-benefit settings. However, there is little work on utility- or cost-based learning for regression. In this paper, we formally define the problem of utility-based regression and propose a strategy for maximizing the utility of regression models. We verify our findings in a large set of experiments that show the advantage of our proposal in a diverse set of domains, learning algorithms and cost/benefit settings.

Abstract
Entrepreneurs are critical for countries' industrial dynamics and economic growth. Although there are several studies focusing on the attitudes, cognitions and traits of entrepreneurs, only a few have explored the link between entrepreneurship and the job features entrepreneurs most value in the work setting. Taking a longitudinal perspective, over two periods of time, 1990-1993 and 2008-2010, the present study resorted to the European Value Study dataset, encompassing 27 European countries and more than 100 thousand individuals. Based on logistic estimates, we found that, compared with non-entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs consider work more important than other life dimensions (except family). Moreover, some work values associated with entrepreneurship (e.g., use initiative, achieving something, responsible job, meeting abilities, have a say, and learning new skills) are indeed mentioned the most by entrepreneurs and emerged significantly related with entrepreneurial propensity. Finally, some work values (e.g., have a say) are associated with entrepreneurship propensity regardless of country's culture, whereas others (e.g., interesting job) are strongly influenced by culture.

Abstract
This paper presents a new methodology to define a priority scale for maintenance actions in substations, based on the development of a Composite Risk Index (CRI) associated with each device. Two auxiliary indices are built: Basic Condition (BC) and Operating Condition (OC), representing the physical and functional characteristics of the equipment that can compromise their performance and contribute to the occurrence of failures. Their evaluation is helped by a Technical Capacity Index (TCI), which evaluates how much the equipment has been affected by wear and tear, in the assessment of the Basic Condition, and the classification of the equipment defects by degrees of severity, in the assessment of the Operating Condition. Two cascading Fuzzy Inference Systems of the Mandani type are used, the first in defining the BC, and the second to obtain the equipment CRI denoting maintenance priority, which may then be used in planning maintenance actions. The methodology is verified through an SF6 circuit breaker CRI assessment, and its priority scale for maintenance planning. The method for evaluating the SF6 circuit breakers reliability is validated through a comparison with a statistical approach, using real data collected from equipment installed in Eletrobras Eletronorte Transmission System, in Rondonia, Amazon region of Brazil. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Abstract
In this paper a modified Newton type algorithm (NTA) is analysed to estimate the electrical signal spectral composition. As core of this study, it is given attention to the accuracy and sensitivity of the algorithm for base frequency and harmonic content characterization under noisy measurements. Convergence speed, stability issues and computational complexity of the implementation are detailed and compared using clean and noisy test signals. Conclusions are duly drawn.

Abstract
This article is a case study, based on Participant Observation, which focuses on a digital platform which manages assets. This platform is for sale in different countries, including Portugal and Mozambique. As national cultures and institutions differ from country to country and as this is all the more the case when different continents are at stake, we herein discuss the adaptation of products and services to the cultures and institutions of each environment, for the optimization of sales and product positioning. The data of the case study comes mainly from the experience of one of the authors, who lived in Mozambique for close to two years, linked to the selling there of the digital platform. A review of the existing literature was also performed. The strategic notion of positioning is central to the success of organizations and should differ from context to context, where necessary. Namely, different economic and education conditions lead to distinct behaviours, which have a repercussion on the posture to be adopted for the selling of products.