Abstract
Geophysical studies on the lunar surface have, in the past, used various methods that contribute not only towards the knowledge of the lunar subsurface but also contribute towards the design of future lunar missions, namely those that will, in the near future, take humans to the Moon’s surface. This work analyzes a specific set of ground penetrating radar (GPR) data, collected during the Chang’E-4 mission of the Chinese Space Agency, using theYutu-2 rover within the von Kármán crater, on the far-side of the Moon. From this dataset two electrical parameters were estimated. The approach uses the backscatter of the electromagnetic wavefield in order to obtain estimates of the real component of the complex relative permittivity as well as the electrical resistivity. © 2024 International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference. All rights reserved.

Abstract
Raw materials are essential for Europe’s industrial base, as they are used to produce vital goods and technologies. The European Comission’s assessment identifies lithium and tin as critical and strategic raw materials due to rising demand. A PhD thesis aims to create a 3D geological model of the Argemela District in Central Portugal to provide vital information about the genesis of the hydrothermal tin and lithium mineralizations founded in the region. The study places emphasis on the very-low-frequency (VLF) electromagnetic method as a tool to provide information about the mineralization, lithologic contacts, and structural features that can be related to the mineralizations. Argemela district has two main areas, the Argemela Tin and Lithium Mine and the Argemela Hill Top. VLF data was collected and analyzed, showing that low resistivity may be associated with mineralization in the Argemela Mine, while high resistivity may be linked to the Argemela microgranite in the Argemela Hill Top. This geophysical method is effective in non-invasively mapping subsurface features, assisting in the development of a comprehensive 3D geological model and enhancing resource evaluation.

Abstract
Results of self-potential, seismic reflection and refraction, Infrared spectroscopy, ion chromatography and IR thermography survey performed over a Portuguese artistic tomb made of a porous limestone are presented. The tomb presents nowadays severe decay phenomena. The decay products associated to the decay patterns observed are mainly related with the presence of salts, namely nitrates and secondarily of chlorides. The self-potential and the thermography survey allowed verifying that moisture degrees change in different side walls of the tomb. The seismic methods showed there is no clear interface between undamaged and damaged stone material where the limestone is soft and the strength is slightly lower in the most humid zones. © 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, London.

Abstract
The region West of Estarreja is topographically flat and, from the geological point of view, characterized by Quaternary and Cretaceous formations that lie discordantly over Pre-Cambrian schists. The topography of this contact is poorly known and, therefore, is investigated here. Data from drilling, electrical resistivity profiles and gravity mapping, over a 30 km2 area bounded on the Eastern side by the “Norte” Railway line and on the Western by the Ria de Aveiro that separates Murtosa from Torreira, are jointly interpreted to produce a robust model for the topography of the bedrock. Hence, NW-SE alignments, inferred by previous works, are clearly identified. Bedrock depressions are also proposed and agree with previous geophysical models from areas to the South of the region herein investigated. © 2022 LNEG – Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia IP.

Abstract
The MiFiRE (Microgravity Fine Regolith Experiment) experiment, which will be launched this year on a suborbital space flight, currently scheduled for August 2023, was designed with the aim of better understanding the initial stages of planetary formation. The fundamental and embryonic question is to contribute to the study of how the mineral and rock particles, which do not have enough mass for the gravitational force to be influential, can then aggregate through electrostatic forces. In order to recreate the environment of deep space, it is assumed that the composition of meteorites that collide with the Earth, are mainly of silicate mineralogical composition or rich in metallic alloys (eg Fe-Ni). Therefore, in the experiment some fine material, identical to the lunar regolith (JSC-1), is used, in other words, amphiboles, pyroxenes, olivines and volcanic glass, along with two larger elements, a basalt cube and a metalic (siderite) meteorite cube (Octahedrite from Campo del Cielo, Argentina). It is intended that the particles be subjected to the microgravity environment and thus contribute to a better understanding of the general behaviour and the processes of preference of aggregation between the various components. This, in turn, contributes the characterization of the progressive development of planetesimals. This experiment was selected amongst 5 competing proposals in a contest launched by Massachusetts Institute of Technology's national representation, MIT Portugal, in 2020. © 2023 International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference. All rights reserved.

Abstract
Volcanic sites on Earth provide valuable insights into the geological processes that shape our planet and can also serve as effective analogs for studying similar volcanic activity on other celestial bodies, such as the Moon. This work aims to discuss the general characterization of the Capelinhos volcanic site, in the archipelago of Azores in Portugal, showing the potential as a planetary analog. It's barren landscape, covered with pyroclastic rocks can lend itself the purpose of becoming a lunar planetary analog site, possibly even a Martian site. This geological site was formed during an eruption that occurred in 1957-58, thus the vegetation is practically absent. By examining the physical and chemical properties of its pyroclastic rocks, as well as the associated volcanic landforms, researchers of different fields can better understand lunar volcanic activity and its implications for many aspects of future lunar exploration. Although its origin is different from most of the locations on the lunar surface, since it doesn't contemplate the impactism originated regolith characteristics and associated geomorphology, it does resemble this setting for a broad range of research objectives. © 2023 International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference. All rights reserved.