Abstract
The ex-ante division of consumers into potential off-grid and grid-extension clusters represents a crucial input to electrification planning. This paper explores the application of image processing tools to distinguish grid-expansion from offgrid consumer clusters spatially, considering peak-load surfaces. Instead of point-based cluster analysis, the proposed model induces morphological pixel changes in the image through filtering and segmentation techniques. This way, load clusters can be isolated based on texture and coherence in an unprecedented way. Various single and sequential image processing techniques are compared, together with a rough grid expansion-ratio estimate for each case. Model outcomes are benchmarked against off-grid/on-grid clusters retrieved by using the Rural Electrification Model.

Abstract

Abstract
Prosumers represent an important building block under the paradigm of a decentralized energy landscape such as outlined in the EU Clean Energy Package. However, the synergetic use of distributed resources such as electric vehicles (EV) or residential roof-integrated photovoltaics (PV) on household or neighbourhood level requires their diffusion patterns being temporally and spatially synchronized. This paper is dedicated to the joint analysis of their adoption patterns, using spatial analysis interfaced with mutual information and criteria ranking analysis. Surprisingly, outcomes for Portugal suggest that residential photovoltaics and electric vehicles are adopted by different population layers, as their occurrence is linked to diverging sets of sociodemographic criteria. Furthermore, an analysis of these criteria sets shows that their internal composition (the driving factors behind EV and PV adoption) varies among regions which has important implications on electricity network planning.

Abstract
Aggregated management of distributed energy resources (DERs) is an emerging topic mainly with simulation based investigation of the developed approaches. On the other hand, field tests can provide important insights on the path to wide deployment. Most of the works take into account aggregated DERs as a single entity and do not get into details about how to allocate a desired management target among them. This study focuses on management of different types of DERs as a group to reach aggregation targets through two field-testing scenarios. Active power management scenario investigates management of a DER group for an hour long period by allocating an overall target proportional to DERs energy storage capacities. Varying PV panel, wind turbine and residential consumer power profiles were also included in the testing scenario as a challenge to determine set points for manageable devices. Reactive power management case equally distributes aggregation targets among available DERs, comparing relative management performances in 4 consecutive periods. Management performances of individual DERs and the whole group were evaluated, highlighting management accuracy and possible challenges in the field.

Abstract
Green ammonia production stands as a pivotal component in the transition towards sustainable energy and agriculture, poised to revolutionize numerous industries. This paper presents an optimization control framework for industrial green ammonia fuel hubs to engage in electricity, hydrogen, and oxygen markets, addressing both economic and technical considerations. By evaluating scenarios with and without battery storage, this study demonstrates the potential for increased profitability and energy independence through secondary reserve market participation, alongside insights into the economic viability of photovoltaic investments. These findings underscore the importance of considering market dynamics and technological integration in the sustainable operation of green ammonia production hubs.

Abstract
The literature on the isothermal model gas flow is extensive, but the effect of temperature variation on the hydraulic characteristics has been rarely addressed. Additionally, the impact of hydrogen blending on the thermal condition of NG pipelines is also an emergent topic that requires new approaches to the gas flow problem formulation and resolution. In this paper, a model for the gas flow problem was developed to optimise the operation of natural gas distribution networks with hydrogen injection while maintaining pressure, gas flows, and gas quality indexes within admissible limits. The goal is to maximise the injection of hydrogen and investigate the influences of thermal variations in the gas blending. Also, this model enables the calculation of the maximum permitted volume of hydrogen in the network, quantifying the total savings in natural gas usage and carbon dioxide emissions in different temperature conditions.