Abstract
During the past few years the transport matrix received many policies to push for the sector decarbonization. The electric vehicles and charging infrastructure increased a lot motivated by European Union directives and countries legislations, becoming national policies framework. Considering the electricity market dynamics, the electrification of transport created a new challenge going forward. In this context, this paper presents a multivariate analysis of electricity commercialization and charging infrastructure to evaluate the real state of electricity mobility and design future opportunities. The analysis uses tariffs, commercialization models, charging services and economic indicators of four countries. A comprehensive simulation model estimates the total electric mobility bill per country and the portion of the average salary spent with the car charging. Even considering the best scenario, consumers from Portugal commit almost four percent of its average wage while Norway commit only one percent. The results reveal that long-term commitment with energy planning, generation and energy matrix expansion, implies on lower energy costs; better economic actions also imply on lower energy expenditure for costumer. The hourly tariffs are important alternatives to reduce energy costs and manage demand helping network operators to plan and manage the energy system. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract
Improving efficiency with sustainable radial distribution networks (RDNs) is challenging for larger systems and small grid-connected RDNs. In this paper, the optimal placement of DGs with the Harris hawks optimizer (HHO) under seasonal load demands is proposed to simultaneously reduce total active and reactive power losses and minimize bus voltage drops with the consideration of operational constraints of RDNs. HHO is a newly inspired metaheuristic optimization algorithm primarily based on the Harris hawks’ intelligent behaviors during the chasing of the prey. Furthermore, the authors have investigated four stages of DGs. The first stage involves the optimal allocation of one DG. The second stage includes an investigation with two DGs, the third stage considers three DGs, and the fourth stage investigates the integration of four DGs. The effectiveness of the applied HHO is validated on IEEE 33 and 69 bus RDNs, and results are analyzed by comparing with the standard optimization methods. The Big-O test is also executed for statistical analysis with standard algorithms. The simulation results reveal the better performance of the applied HHO under different circumstances than other algorithms. Furthermore, the total active and reactive power losses and bus voltage drops are improved by adding more DGs into IEEE 33 and 69 bus RDNs.