Abstract
Recent changes in the operation and planning of power systems have been motivated by the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) and Demand Response (DR) in the competitive electricity markets' environment, with deep concerns at the efficiency level. In this context, grid operators, market operators, utilities and consumers must adopt strategies and methods to take full advantage of demand response and distributed generation. This requires that all the involved players consider all the market opportunities, as the case of energy and reserve components of electricity markets. The present paper proposes a methodology which considers the joint dispatch of demand response and distributed generation in the context of a distribution network operated by a virtual power player. The resources' participation can be performed in both energy and reserve contexts. This methodology contemplates the probability of actually using the reserve and the distribution network constraints. Its application is illustrated in this paper using a 32-bus distribution network with 66 DG units and 218 consumers classified into 6 types of consumers.

Abstract
Emerging technologies arising in modern power systems have propelled the presence of new agents to manipulate these facilities. Participation of plug-in electric vehicles (PIEVs) in the electricity market is one of the main issues in this environment. PIEV participation in market place can affect the agent's strategy. Therefore, this paper investigates two states of power system where individual aggregators participate in the power market on behalf of home-charged PIEVs and parking lots (PLs) separately, as well as the coordinated version of the problem. Several scenarios are developed for deriving specific characteristics of PIEVs in home levels and in PLs. An optimization model is built and solved using mixed integer linear programming. The results are produced to suggest the optimum procedure for an aggregator to whether take the authority of home-charging PIEVs and PLs individually or coordinately.

Abstract
Smart local energy networks provide an opportunity for more penetration of distributed energy resources. However, these resources cause an extra dependency in both time and carrier domains that should be considered through a comprehensive model. Hence, this paper introduces a new concept for internal and external dependencies in Smart Multi-Energy Systems (SMES). Internal dependencies are caused by converters and storages existing in operation centers and modeled by coupling matrix. On the other hand, external dependencies are defined as the behavior of multi-energy demand in shifting among carriers or time periods. In this paper, system dependency is modeled based on energy hub approach through adding virtual ports and making new coupling matrix. Being achieved by SMESs, the dependencies release demand-side flexibility and subsequently enhance system efficiency. Moreover, a test SMES that includes several elements and multi-energy demand in output is applied to show the effectiveness of the model.

Abstract
Smart local energy networks represent a key option for more penetration of sustainably developed facilities. These facilities can cause an extended dependency in both time and carrier domains which should be considered through a comprehensive model. This paper introduces a new concept of internal and external dependencies. The concept is related to penetration of energy converters on demand side and the effects they bring to the system. Being achieved by implementation of smart grid, dependencies release operational flexibility and subsequently enhance the system efficiency. The model contains, carrier based demand response which preserves consumers satisfaction by utilizing the flexibility in exchanging the input energy carrier instead of changing end-usage pattern. The paper develops the coupling matrix model for smart multi-energy systems considering the external dependency as an added module to the overall model.

Abstract
New technologies such as Plug-in Electric Vehicles or PEVs bring new trends in areas where multi entities interact. One of these areas is the facilities in cities for better manipulation of technologies. Encouraging the utilization of PEVs necessitates the provision of charging stations. In this regard, PEV Parking Lots (PLs) can be a great help as they can solve both urban and electrical problem of PEVs. On the other hand, gathering numerous PEVs in one point like PLs provides the system operator with the opportunity of PEVs batteries that can be used as potential storages. Therefore, in this paper, the optimum behavior of PEV PLs is modeled while they contribute their batteries' capacity in both energy and reserve market. The charging schedule of PLs with various numbers of stations has been reported as well as their share in the market as an energy source during peak hours.

Abstract
Emerging trends in electric vehicles both in science and industry, as well as increasing popularity of these devices among end-users have laid serious issues in front of a system operator or planner. Higher deployment of available resources in the system will lead to higher flexibility for system operator in its interactions, besides to higher level of user satisfaction. In this study, various states of a 13 bus radial distribution network have been considered for allocation of Plug-in Electric Vehicles' (PEVs') parking lots. As Renewable Energy Resources (RERs) are becoming a main element of power systems, it is investigated how the future distribution network planning has to be organized by employing both RERs and PEV parking lots. Also, it is investigated how the allocation of parking lots varies in the system where these resources exist. Moreover, the costs and revenues obtained by the system operator in such systems are also studied.