Abstract
Software requirements engineers and testers generally define technical documents in natural languages, but this practice can lead to inconsistencies between the documentation and the consequent system implementation. Previous research has shown that writing requirements and tests in a structured way, with controlled natural languages like RSL, can help mitigate these problems. This study goes further, discussing new experiments carried out to validate that RSL (with its complementary tools, called “ITLingo Studio”) can be applied in different systems and technologies, namely the possibility of applying the approach to integrate test automation capabilities in security testing. The preliminary conclusion indicates that, by combining tools such as ITLingo Studio and the Robot Framework, it is possible to integrate requirements and test specifications with test automation, and that would bring benefits in the testing process’ productivity.

Abstract
Software Operational Profile (SOP) is a software specification based on how users use the software. This specification corresponds to a quantitative representation of software that identifies the most used software parts. As software reliability depends on the context in which users operate the software, the SOP is used in software reliability engineering. However, there are evidences of a misalignment between the software tested parts and SOP. Therefore, this paper investigates a possible misalignment between SOP and the tested software parts to obtain, based on experimental data, more evidence of this misalignment. We performed an exploratory study composed of four activities to verify: a) whether there are significant variations in how users operate the software; b) whether there is a misalignment between SOP and the tested software parts; c) if failures occur in untested SOP parts in case of misalignment; d) in case of misalignment between SOP and untested software parts, whether a test strategy based on the amplification of the existent test set with additional test data generated automatically, can contribute to reduce the misalignment. We collected data form four software while users were operating them. We analyzed this collected data in an attempt to reach the goals of this work. To evaluate the originality of this research, we performed a Literature Systematic Review (SLR) and presented its conclusions. The obtained results evidence that there are significant variations in how users operate the software and also that there is a misalignment between SOP and the tested software parts when we evaluated the four software mentioned above. There are also indications of the occurrence of failures in the untested SOP parts. Although the test strategy mentioned above has reduced the possible misalignment, the test strategy is not enough to avoid it, thus denoting the need of specifics test strategies using SOP as a test criterion. These results indicate that SOP becomes relevant not only to software reliability engineering but also to contribute to testing activities, regardless of the adopted strategy.

Abstract
Reverse engineering may be helpful for extracting information from existing apps to understand them better and ease their maintenance. Reverse engineering may be performed by a static analysis of the apps’ code but, when the code is not available, a dynamic approach may be useful. This paper presents a tool that allows extracting dynamically, in a complete black-box approach, the explored activities of Android applications. It is an extension of iMPAcT testing tool that combines reverse engineering, dynamic exploration, and testing. The extracted information is later used to construct an HFSM (Hierarchical Finite State Machine) with three distinct levels of abstraction. The top-level shows the interactions needed to traverse the activities of the mobile application. The middle level shows the screens traversed while in a specific activity. The bottom level shows all screens traversed during exploration. This information helps to understand better the application which facilitates its maintenance and errors fixing. This paper provides a complete description of the tool, its architecture and the results of some case studies conducted on mobile apps publicly available on the Google Store.

Abstract
In today’s software industry, systems are constantly changing. To maintain their quality and to prevent failures at controlled costs is a challenge. One way to foster quality is through thorough and systematic testing. Therefore, the definition of adequate tests is crucial for saving time, cost and effort. This paper presents a framework that generates software test cases automatically based on user interaction data. We propose a data-driven software test generation solution that combines the use of frequent sequence mining and Markov chain modeling. We assess the quality of the generated test cases by empirically evaluating their coverage with respect to observed user interactions and code. We also measure the plausibility of the distribution of the events in the generated test sets using the Kullback-Leibler divergence.

Abstract
Health literacy affects how people understand health information and, therefore, should be considered by search engines in health searches. In this work, we analyze how the level of health literacy is related to the eye movements of users searching the web for health information. We performed a user study with 30 participants that were asked to search online in the context of three work task situations defined by the authors. Their eye interactions with the Search Results Page and the Result Pages were logged using an eye-tracker and later analyzed. When searching online for health information, people with adequate health literacy spend more time and have more fixations on Search Result Pages. In this type of page, they also pay more attention to the results' hyperlink and snippet and click in more results too. In Result Pages, adequate health literacy users spend more time analyzing textual content than people with lower health literacy. We found statistical differences in terms of clicks, fixations, and time spent that could be used as a starting point for further research. That we know of, this is the first work to use an eye-tracker to explore how users with different health literacy search online for health-related information. As traditional instruments are too intrusive to be used by search engines, an automatic prediction of health literacy would be very useful for this type of system.

Abstract
Medico-scientific concepts are not easily understood by laypeople that frequently use lay synonyms. For this reason, strategies that help users formulate health queries are essential. Health Suggestions is an existing extension for Google Chrome that provides suggestions in lay and medico-scientific terminologies, both in English and Portuguese. This work proposes, evaluates, and compares further strategies for generating suggestions based on the initial consumer query, using multi-concept recognition and the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). The evaluation was done with an English and a Portuguese test collection, considering as baseline the suggestions initially provided by Health Suggestions. Given the importance of understandability, we used measures that combine relevance and understandability, namely, uRBP and uRBPgr. Our best method merges the Consumer Health Vocabulary (CHV)-preferred expression for each concept identified in the initial query for lay suggestions and the UMLS-preferred expressions for medico-scientific suggestions. Multi-concept recognition was critical for this improvement.