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Publicações

Publicações por CRAS

2013

NATURE OF SCIENCE, MODELS AND EARTH STRUCTURE MODELS: PORTUGUESE PROSPECTIVE SCIENCE TEACHERS' VIEWS

Autores
Torres,; Moura, R; Vasconcelos, C; Amador,;

Publicação
GEOCONFERENCE ON ECOLOGY, ECONOMICS, EDUCATION AND LEGISLATION, SGEM 2013, VOL II

Abstract
Student knowledge of Nature of Science (NOS) is an important and critical issue to their understanding of science, as well as to the development of scientific literacy. In the same way, the ability to use and generate models is central to scientific literacy and to the learning of science. Having this in mind, and recognizing that teachers' views and practices strongly influence students' learning, we intended to evaluate Portuguese prospective science teachers' (PPST) views of Nature of Science (NOS), models and earth structure models. A questionnaire, focused on those aspects, was applied to 19 prospective science teachers at the University of Porto. In general, the majority of the participants revealed correct perceptions about those issues. However, some inconsistences and alternative conceptions were found.

2013

The application of non invasive geophysical techniques for the diagnosis and conservation of stone cultural heritage: The case of a Portuguese fifteenth century tomb

Autores
Dionisio, A; Martinho, E; Almeida, F; Grangeia, C; Mendes, M; Moura, R; Caldas, J;

Publicação
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR THE CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE

Abstract
Results of self-potential, seismic reflection and refraction, Infrared spectroscopy, ion chromatography and IR thermography survey performed over a Portuguese artistic tomb made of a porous limestone are presented. The tomb presents nowadays severe decay phenomena. The decay products associated to the decay patterns observed are mainly related with the presence of salts, namely nitrates and secondarily of chlorides. The self-potential and the thermography survey allowed verifying that moisture degrees change in different side walls of the tomb. The seismic methods showed there is no clear interface between undamaged and damaged stone material where the limestone is soft and the strength is slightly lower in the most humid zones.

2013

Surface wave method applied to geotechnical characterization of near-surface geological layers in Aveiro, NW Portugal

Autores
Supriandini, P; Moura, RM; Pinheiro, LM;

Publicação
75th European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers Conference and Exhibition 2013 Incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2013: Changing Frontiers

Abstract
The result obtained from the investigation of Shear Waves Velocity (Vs) using Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves for the geothecnical purposes in five study area of Aveiro gave an estimated Vs30 to develop the microzonation studies in this area. Copyright

2013

APPLICATION OF MULTICHANNEL ANALYSIS OF SURFACE WAVES (MASW) FOR SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT: A CASE STUDY IN THE CHONG-ALAY DISTRICT, KYRGYZ REPUBLIC

Autores
Moura, R; Umaraliev, R; Almeida, F; Abdrakhmatov, K; Nizamiev, A;

Publicação
GEOCONFERENCE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGIES IN GEOLOGY, EXPLORATION AND MINING, SGEM 2013, VOL II

Abstract
The measurement of shear wave velocity (Vs) is an established approach in contributing to earthquake site response. In situ dispersive wave measurements are one of the ways of determining Vs to a certain depth. Rayleigh type measurements have had a significant development in the past two decades. Since Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves measurements appeared, in the late 80s and early 90s, other approaches have developed. The later Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves method (MASW), that took advantage of the engineering seismograph and the increasing number software routines that became available, greatly enhanced the confidence of this type of in situ results towards assessing the shear wave velocity profile of the near surface. Thus within this work we aim to show the results of 27 dispersive wave tests, made for 48 educational facilities located in 20 villages of the Chong-Alay district, Osh oblast, Kyrgyz Republic. The results of these seismic tests contributed towards the micro seismic wider hazard assessment study we performed.

2013

Conceptualizing a mountain hydrogeologic system by using an integrated groundwater assessment (Serra da Estrela, Central Portugal): a review

Autores
Marques, JE; Marques, JM; Chamine, HI; Carreira, PM; Fonseca, PE; Monteiro Santos, FAM; Moura, R; Samper, J; Pisani, B; Teixeira, J; Carvalho, JM; Rocha, F; Borges, FS;

Publicação
GEOSCIENCES JOURNAL

Abstract
Mountains are often considered as the world's water towers. This paper presents a critical review on the research concerning the integrated assessment of groundwater resources of the mountain hydrogeologic system of Serra da Estrela Natural Park (central Portugal). The study area is the Zzere river basin upstream of Manteigas village located at the Serra da Estrela Mountain in Central Portugal. It provides the source of strategic water resources for the Portuguese mainland, including normal groundwaters, thermomineral waters and surface waters. An integrated approach has been used to formulate a conceptual model for this complex mountain hydrogeological system by integrating the geological, morphotectonic, hydroclimatic, unsaturated soil zone, hydrogeological, hydrogeophysical, hydrogeochemical and isotopic data. This model has been useful to: i) evaluate the water resources; ii) provide the basis for a sustainable management of water resources, iii) design measures for groundwater exploitation and contamination control; and iv) set up land-use policies.

2013

Ultrasonic wireless broadband communication system for underwater applications

Autores
Martins, Marcos Silva;

Publicação

Abstract
Underwater wireless communication systems are becoming a priority in terms of research and technological development due to the increasing demand for exploring the oceans’ potential in areas such as pharmaceutical, oil, minerals, environmental and biodiversity. This demand is increasing exponentially with the need for high data rate and near-real-time communications between submerged mobile and static agents. The existing wireless communication technologies using electromagnetic waves or lasers are not very efficient due to the large attenuation in aquatic environment. Ultrasound reveals a lower attenuation, and thus has been used in underwater long-distance communications. But the underwater acoustic medium is one of the less reliable communication channels which represent major challenges for communications. With relatively slow sound speed propagation (~1500 m/s) the delay may represent a problem for communications with real-time applications. A theoretical model of an underwater communication system was also developed. The model allows to emulate the emitter, the hydrophone and the underwater acoustic channel, which includes attenuation, environmental noise, Doppler Effect, multipath and propagation delay. This model supported the study of wireless communications by emulating the transmission of acoustic signals using different types of digital modulations. The acoustic signal attenuation, multipath, ambient noise in several environments theoretical results were compared to those obtained experimentally. Allowing to conclude that the model represents a suitable approximation to the real subaquatic communication channel for the evaluation of digital acoustic communications. An optimization study of ultrasound transducers for underwater communications was addressed, focusing on a piston type emitter operating in the thickness mode (d33). It was discussed how the acoustic impedance, thickness, resonance frequency and structure affect the transducer performance. This work allowed a better understanding of the emitter transducer characteristics allowing reaching the optimum point of operation for specific applications. Focusing on underwater communication, the transducer was optimized by finite element computer simulations. The results were compared with experimental tests and show that four-layer structures increase up to 16 dB in performance when compared to single-layer transducer disks. For high data-rates and real-time applications it was necessary to develop ultrasound transducers able to work at high frequencies and wideband, with suitable responses to digital modulations. It was thus also included a comparison study that shows how the acoustic impedance influences the performance of an ultrasonic emitter when using different digital modulations and operating at frequencies between 100 kHz and 1 MHz and some tens of meters of distance. It is presented a Finite Element Method (FEM) and a MATLAB/Simulink simulation with an experimental validation to evaluate two types of piezoelectric materials: one based in ceramics (high acoustic impedance) with a resonance design and a polymer based (low acoustic impedance) system, designed to optimize the performance when using digital modulations. The transducers performance for Binary Amplitude Shift Keying (BASK), On-Off Keying (OOK), Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK) modulations with a 1 MHz carrier at 125 kbps baud rate were compared. The transducers materials used were the ceramics PZT-5H and the polymer PVDF. The results show that PVDF transducer has a better performance to digital modulations than PZT-5H transducer, providing the signal full demodulation for all digital modulations tested. On the other hand, the PZT-5H transducer showed a higher output, but fails to perform accurate modulated signals. Finally, the system was validated by the implementation of a full duplex point-to-point communication at 1 Mbps using OOK modulation with a 1 MHz single carrier. The system was successfully tested in a swimming pool at a distance of 6 meters with a 1 Mbps rate, achieving a 3x10-3 Bit Error Rate (BER) using just 1.4 W of power consumption. These results represent an advance in underwater acoustic communications, being the first practical system to achieve data rates up to 1 Mbps.;O desenvolvimento de sistemas de comunicação subaquáticos sem fios está a tornar-se uma prioridade na comunidade científica no sentido de aumentar o desenvolvimento tecnológico. Este facto deve-se à crescente necessidade de exploração do potencial dos oceanos em áreas científicas diversas como farmacêutica, petrolífera, mineral, ambiental e até do próprio estudo da biodiversidade. Essa necessidade aumenta exponencialmente com a necessidade de comunicações de alto débito e em tempo real entre agentes submersos móveis e estáticos. As tecnologias de comunicações sem fios existentes, nomeadamente as que utilizam ondas eletromagnéticas ou lasers não são muito eficientes, devido, em grande parte, à atenuação no ambiente subaquático. Os ultrassons revelam uma menor atenuação tendo sido, por isso, utilizados em comunicações subaquáticas em longas distâncias. Contudo o canal acústico subaquático definisse como um dos mais difíceis, devido em parte as suas características únicas, o que apresenta ser um enorme desafio. Como a velocidade de propagação do som é relativamente lenta (~1500 m/s), o atraso pode representar um problema para as aplicações em tempo real. Foi desenvolvido um modelo teórico do sistema de comunicações subaquáticos que permite emular o emissor, o hidrofone e o canal acústico subaquático. No canal acústico subaquático foi simulado o efeito da atenuação, ruído ambiente, efeito de Doppler, multipath e atraso de propagação. Este modelo é indicado para o estudo das comunicações subaquáticas, emulando a transmissão de sinais acústicos utilizando diferentes tipos de modulações digitais. Neste estudo foram testados, a atenuação do sinal acústico, multipath, ruído em diversos ambientes e os resultados teóricos foram comparados com os obtidos experimentalmente. Permitindo concluir que o modelo representa uma aproximação adequada do canal de comunicação, permitindo a avaliação das comunicações digitais acústicas. Inclui ainda um estudo de otimização de transdutores de ultrassons para comunicações subaquáticos, tendo como base o emissor do tipo pistão, operando ao longo da espessura (d33). Foi analisada ainda a forma como a impedância, espessura, frequência de ressonância acústica e estrutura afetam o desempenho do transdutor. Este trabalho permitiu uma melhor compreensão das características do transdutor emissor que permitem atingir o ponto ótimo de operação para aplicações específicas. Tendo como base a comunicação subaquática, o transdutor foi otimizado usando os resultados de simulações pelo Método dos Elementos Finitos. Os resultados foram comparados com os testes experimentais, onde se mostra que as estruturas de quatro camadas podem aumentar até 16dB no desempenho quando comparados com discos de transdutor de única camada. Para aplicações em tempo real e de elevado debito, foi necessário desenvolver transdutores de ultrassons capazes de operar em banda larga a altas frequências, com resposta adequada às modulações digitais. Foi, portanto, incluído também um estudo comparativo que mostra como a impedância acústica influencia o desempenho do emissor de ultrassons quando se utilizam modulações digitais a operar com frequências entre 100 kHz e 1 MHz abrangendo distâncias de algumas dezenas de metros. São apresentadas simulações por Método de Elementos Finitos (MEF) e MATLAB/Simulink com validação experimental de modo a avaliar dois tipos de materiais piezoelétricos: um com base cerâmica PZT-5H (alta impedância acústica) com um design de ressonância e outro de base de polimérica PVDF (baixa impedância acústica), otimizado para modulações digitais. O desempenho dos transdutores foi comparado para as modulações: Binary Amplitude Shift Keying (BASK), On-Off Keying (OOK), Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) e Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK) com uma portadora de 1 MHz a 125 kbps. Os resultados mostram que o transdutor de PVDF tem um melhor desempenho do que transdutor PZT-5H, proporcionando a desmodulação completa do sinal para todas as modulações digitais testadas. Por outro lado, o transdutor de PZT-5H mostrou uma potência acústica mais elevada, embora não consiga produzir sinais modulados precisos. Finalmente, o sistema foi validado através da implementação de uma comunicação ponto-aponto bidirecional de 1 Mbps utilizando uma modulação OOK com uma portadora de 1 MHz. O sistema foi testado com sucesso numa piscina a uma distância de 6 metros com uma taxa de 1 Mbps, com um BER (Bit Error Rate) de 3x10-3, utilizando apenas 1,4 W de consumo de potência. Estes resultados representam um avanço nas comunicações acústicas subaquáticas, sendo o primeiro sistema prático de atingir velocidades até 1 Mbps.

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