Abstract
Distributed energy resources (DERs) offer untapped potential to meet the flexibility needs of power systems with a high share of non-dispatchable renewable generation, and local flexibility markets (LFMs) can be effective mechanisms for procuring it. In LFMs, energy communities (ECs) can aggregate and offer flexibility from their members' DERs to other parties. However, since flexibility prices are only known after markets clear, flexibility bidding curves can be used to deal with this price uncertainty. Building on previous work by the authors, this paper employs a two-stage methodology to calculate flexibility bids for an EC participating in an LFM, including not only batteries and photovoltaic panels, but also cross-sector (CS) flexible assets like thermal loads and electric vehicles (EVs) to assess their impact. In Stage 1, the EC manager minimizes the energy bill without flexibility to define its baseline. In Stage 2, it computes the optimal flexibility to be offered for each flexibility price to build the flexibility bidding curve. Case examples allow to assess the impact of CS flexible assets on the final flexibility offered.

Abstract
A notable shift from an internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) fleet to an electric vehicles (EVs) fleet is expected in the medium term due to increasing environmental concerns and technological breakthroughs. In this context, this paper conducts a systematic literature review on life cycle assessment (LCA) research of EVs compared to ICEVs based on highly impactful articles. Several essential aspects and characteristics were identified and discussed, such as the assumed EV types, scales, models, storage technologies, boundaries, lifetime, electricity consumption, driving cycles, combustion fuels, locations, impact assessment methods, and functional units. Furthermore, LCA results in seven environmental impact categories were gathered and evaluated in detail. The research indicates that, on average, battery electric vehicles are superior to ICEVs in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (182.9 g CO2-eq/km versus 258.5 g CO2-eq/km), cumulative energy demand (3.2 MJ/km versus 4.1 MJ/km), fossil depletion (49.7 g oil-eq/km versus 84.4 g oil-eq/km), and photochemical oxidant formation (0.47 g NMVOC-eq/km versus 0.61 g NMVOC-eq/km) but are worse than ICEVs in terms of human toxicity (198.1 g 1,4-DCB-eq/km versus 64.8 g 1,4-DCB-eq/km), particulate matter formation (0.32 g PM10-eq/km versus 0.26 g PM10-eq/km), and metal depletion (69.3 g Fe-eq/km versus 19.0 g Fe-eq/km). Emerging technological developments are expected to tip the balance in favor of EVs further. Based on the conducted research, we propose to organize the factors that influence the vehicle life cycle into four groups: user specifications, vehicle specifications, local specifications, and multigroup specifications. Then, a set of improvement opportunities is provided for each of these groups. Therefore, the present paper can contribute to future research and be valuable for decision-makers, such as policymakers.

Abstract
Onshore power supply (OPS) is a key enabler for decarbonizing port operations and meeting upcoming regulatory targets such as the EU AFIR Regulation 2023/1805 and Portugal's PNEC 2030. This paper presents a simulation-based framework for estimating the OPS demand of container ships at berth, integrating ship hoteling loads, reefer thermal dynamics with flexible control, and OPS/auxiliary engine (AE) dispatch under port grid constraints. A case study at Terminal XXI of the Port of Sines demonstrates the approach using high-resolution (1-minute) simulations. Results show that reefer flexibility enables peak shaving, OPS demand can be enforced within available grid capacity without violating thermal limits, and AE provides reliable backup. Complementary machine learning modules based on Gradient Boosting, Random Forest, and XGBoost enable accurate imputation of missing ship descriptors and OPS demand forecasting (R2 > 0.95). The framework provides an AI-ready decision-support tool for OPS infrastructure planning and port energy management. © 2025 IEEE.

Abstract
Volatility in energy prices, alongside the European Commission's decarbonization strategy, has led to reforming the European electricity market and the creation of a hydrogen strategy. Hydrogen and electricity have a symbiotic relationship: hydrogen production through electrolysis relies on electricity, while its production provides flexibility to the power system utilizing renewable energy surpluses. This research provides a joint electricity and hydrogen market model based on Cournot equilibrium, solved with an equivalent optimization problem, incorporating contracts for both goods. Results for the MIBEL show that contracts increase market competition, reduce prices, and enhance renewable energy utilization. Wholesale electricity and hydrogen prices decrease by 10 % and 8 %, respectively, while electrolytic hydrogen production rises by 10 %. Profits increase by over 20 %, with the hydrogen sector doubling its gains. The model also identifies contract prices that ensure profitability and emissions reduction. These findings highlight the potential of PPAs and HPAs to support energy transition goals.

Abstract
The recent updates of the National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs) for Portugal and Spain have some significant changes compared to the previous 2019 versions, especially for the Portuguese side where a greater demand and renewable generation capacity are foreseen. This work assesses the impact of these new plans on the Iberian electricity market (MIBEL) main outcomes using CEVESA market model. Simulation results allow the analysis of the expected generation mix and prices, CO2 emissions, system cost, system adequacy, interconnections capacity usage, H2 demand impact and its contribution to provide balancing flexibility, under different simulation scenarios.

Abstract
The mobility sector is expected to significantly impact the power system by deploying battery electric vehicles (BEV) and fuel cell vehicles (FCEV). This work improves CEVESA, a market model for the long-term planning and operation of the Iberian Electricity Market, by modelling FCEV as an alternative to BEV and internal combustion vehicles (ICEV), and its impact on the H-2 demand and storage. The mobility and H-2 economy models interact with the power system through the electricity needs and price. CEVESA is then applied to estimate potential expansion paths of ICEV, BEV and FCEV mobility alternatives considering the total system costs and the EU decarbonization strategy. The findings suggest that if FCEVs technology matures, it could rival BEVs, offering greater system flexibility via electrolyzers and extended driving ranges for users.