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An AC arc furnace is an unbalanced, non-linear and time-varying load, which can cause many power quality problems to the electric network inside the plant and in its electrical vicinity. Although different studies addressing harmonics and flicker analyses on arc furnaces can be found in the bibliography, it is very difficult obtain an exact model that considers all the parameters that influence the process, and therefore it is necessary to obtain actual measurements under different conditions. This paper presents measurement results for harmonic distortion, flicker and unbalance obtained over three different measurement campaigns on an iron and steel industry (SNL), as well as the pertinent conclusions. Measurement campaigns were performed on an AC arc furnace of 83 MW (170 TM) with a 120 MVA transformer connected by a ‘dirty’ 220 kV line (55 km) to the Substation of Carregado, where other feeders supply industrial and domestic consumers. Finally, the dynamic behaviour of an SVC will be analysed and compared to that of a STATCOM by means of simulation studies.

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The main objective of this paper consists in presenting a survey of voltage sags and short interruptions in different places along the geography of Galicia measured throughout two years. Effects and the possible solutions of the voltage sags and short interruptions in one industrial installation, PSA-Vigo, that produce cars, are also addressed. Finally, we will establish the corresponding conclusions.

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Energy efficiency is the solution for a building to provide a comfortable environment with limited energy consumption. This entry will outline some of the most significant tools an energy manager can resort to when attempting to improve energy efficiency in a building. Tools such as energy audits, energy benchmarking, building automation, building energy simulation, and energy management systems, among others, are presented in a brief and practical way, with particular emphasis on their application to higher education buildings. The main conclusions point out the specificity of these types of buildings, recognize the importance of engaging building users in energy management activities, and suggest such topics could be included in the curricula of courses. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

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There is a large consensus on the importance of human behaviour on the energy performance of buildings. Energy policy orientations consistently take into account the importance of the building stock in the overall energy use by societies. Existing buildings are specially challenging, as reliable diagnoses are required to take appropriate action towards comfort and energy efficiency. Managers also play a determinant role in building performance, either on investment decisions in technology or on the building operation. Middle-out agents may determine effective energy use options and positively influence behaviours at both levels, top management and occupants. Interdisciplinary cooperation amongst members of research teams is required for energy-efficient building design, coping simultaneously with technological and behavioural issues and their interrelations, privileging occupant-centred approaches.

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