Abstract
We intend to further the research related to the factors that determine successful entrepreneurial endeavours by academic researchers, and thus put forth an exploratory model of Knowledge-Based Entrepreneurship (KBE). Given the lack of extant adequate indicators, a new scale was developed based on the most frequently cited constructs in the literature. A sample of 1,401 researchers from Portuguese universities was administered a questionnaire and the data collected permitted a validation with regards to the psychometric properties of the questionnaire, to see its applicability to the study. The findings suggest that the absence of a patenting history or start-up portfolio act as significant barriers to academic entrepreneurship. However, when the institutional strategy is to increase patenting and spin-off activities, the university should begin investing in creating a networking environment capable of reinforcing the researchers' Social Capital. Observing the example of successful entrepreneurs motivates other researchers to consider the possibility of developing their own ventures. The Structural Equations Modelling (SEM) approach allowed for us to identify and measure the non-linear relationships that shape the core of KBE and influence the attainment of measurable outcomes aimed at encouraging entrepreneurship. A relatively high share of the variance of the dependent variables is explained by the model, ensuring their representativeness and contributing to the state-of-art of the knowledge in this research field.

Abstract
Given the growth in usage of online social networks, such as Facebook, YouTube, Instagram and Snapchat, which rely on videos and images (such as photos) to relay information between connections, new intuitive languages, though not yet formally recognized, have emerged. We also herein give the example of a new language we have created – the Business Narrative Modelling Language (BNML) – which communicates business perspectives based on pictorial representations, supported by the narrative. Currently, the concept of language is linked to the use of words. We foresee that such a definition of language will have to change to include other structured forms of communication, resorting and relying on graphics, also. We give examples of BNML representations, with regards to two case studies we have performed, based on face-to-face interviews and company visits. At ExpressGlass technology plays an important role, while at Yazaki Saltano a remarkable team effort between Toyota suppliers is made evident, to create innovation. © Universidad Alberto Hurtado, Facultad de Economía y Negocios.

Abstract
Micro and Small Enterprises have emerged as an important alternative for the generation of jobs and income, mainly in countries that present serious market failures for the creation of productive jobs. However, the lack of commercial and managerial skills, inadequate access to markets, as well as the absence of an entrepreneurial culture has led to a high level of failure in these ventures. Additionally, the current competitive scenario has been increasingly based on innovation, responsible for the destruction of traditional competitive barriers, requiring a new approach on the part of Micro and Small Enterprises to be able to remain in the market sustainably. Accordingly, this research aims to determine the influence that business management has on the degree of innovation of Brazilian Micro and Small Enterprises through Structural Equation Modeling. As a theoretical contribution, the present investigation may point to statistical evidence that may support a causal inference between business management, understood in the present investigation as a decision process on strategic and operational aspects of a business, and the innovation capacity of companies. Furthermore, this research can provide important practical contributions by highlighting the relevance that business management has for Micro and Small Enterprises, also pointing to the need for Micro and Small Enterprises to adopt systematic business management practices that raise their potential concerning the development of innovations and the maintenance of a sustainable competitive position.

Abstract
Micro and Small Enterprises have assumed an important strategic role for the economic and social development of Brazil, representing about 99% of all business establishments and contributing to the generation of 55.3% of all formal jobs in the country. However, these ventures have faced a series of restrictions on entrepreneurial activity, such as low government support, high taxes, and excessive bureaucracy. In this adverse context, innovation assumes a significant mediation role for increasing business performance and, consequently, maintaining the permanence of these ventures in the market. Accordingly, the present investigation aimed to identify the degree of innovation, the main obstacles and facilitators of innovation, as well as the types of innovation prevalent in Brazilian Micro and Small Enterprises through a systematic literature review. The literature review included 21 articles extracted from the Web of Science, Scopus, Scielo, and Spell databases. In general, the analyzed literature points out that innovation in these ventures is the result of simple actions, such as imitation and the acquisition of technology from third parties, and that the degree of innovation is low, prevailing in the types of innovation in Products and Marketing. The main barriers highlighted were related to the lack of resources, precarious managerial and commercial capacities, and shortages of qualified labor, while the factors that facilitate innovation are related to the support of government programs and the organization of Micro and Small Enterprises in productive arrangements.

Abstract
The theme of this Special Issue (SI) is Sustainable Marketing and Strategy, as in the literature, we have seen growing evidence of how sustainability efforts are increasingly bringing significant benefits to enterprises [...]

Abstract
PurposeThis study aims at validating a scale for the perception of competences and attitudes of the Portuguese public administration employees. The sample of this study consists of 1,119 participants working in public administration and other labour sectors in Portugal. The psychometric qualities of this instrument were studied to assess its use in future studies. Design/methodology/approachAn initial exploratory factor analysis showed that the scale is composed of one factor, with a Kaiser-Meyer-Oklin value of 0.83. The subsequent confirmatory factor analysis performed in AMOS 27 confirmed the existence of a single factor. FindingsThe analysis of the psychometric qualities of the scale allows concluding that it can be applied in the context of the Portuguese public administration. Originality/valueGiven the universality of the competences and attitudes adopted, it can be extended to other work and cultural contexts.